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Line 1: |
Line 1: |
− | Second International
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− | Symposium on Takaful 2006
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− | Takaful Products
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− | Family Takaful Linked Investment Plans
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− | 21- 22 February 2006 The Andaman, Langkawi, Malaysia
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− | Sohail Jaffer
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− | Partner, FWU Group
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− | FWU group won the 2005 Euromoney Islamic Finance Award
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− | for being the "Best Islamic white label service provider“.
| |
| | | |
− | Contents
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− | Family Takaful Product and Highlights, Main Partners
| |
− | (pages 2-8)
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− | Open Investment Architecture (pages 11-13)
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− | POS and Administration System (pages 15-19)
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− | Value added for the Bank Distribution Partner (pages
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− | 21-23)
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− | Appendix
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− | (1) Global Takaful Industry Overview
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− | (2) FWU Group Profile
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− | 2
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− |
| |
− | Transaction Overview
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− | FWU Group‘s "White Label" Islamic Savings, Education & Retirement Plans
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− | Group
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− | Main players: Bank Distribution Partner
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− | Bank Distribution Partner: Distribution Branch
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− | of “own brand” Savings Plan, selection Product design and
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− | of top quartile Islamic mutual funds and
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− | Customers process management
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− | custody of all customer assets Dynamic Funds Select
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− | and Allocation
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− | - Local LifeTakaful Product supplier and Management Model
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− | administrator Bank Financial Planners Systems Provider
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− | Partnership Manager
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− | FWU – Product design and process
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− | management, Dynamic Funds Select
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− | Bank Distribution Partner Strategic Alliance
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− | and Allocation Mgt Model,Systems
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− | provider and Premium Assurance
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− | Networks Manager
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− | Local licensed Life
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− | Custodian Bank Takaful Company
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− | for all customer funds “Wakeel”/Trustee and
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− | local Takaful
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− | Product Supplier and
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− | Administrator
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− | “Open Investment Architecture” Life Takaful Company to
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− | establish a corporate bank
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− | FWU’s Dynamic Funds Select and
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− | account with Bank Retakaful Agreement
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− | Allocation Management Model
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− | Distribution Partner Hannover Re
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− | “AAA Rated”
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− | FWU’s Exclusive
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− | ReTakaful Partner 3 3
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− |
| |
− | FWU Group‘s international Bank distribution and
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− | strategic product partners
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− | FWU Group‘s "White Label" Islamic Savings, Education & Retirement Plans
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− | Bank Distribution Partners
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− | FWU's existing distribution partners
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− | Al Safat Takaful include: NCB in KSA and ADCB in
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− | Company UAE
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− | Kuwait
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− | Bank Customers
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− | EFU Life Insurance Aman Insurance
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− | UAE
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− | Pakistan
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− | Takaful Ikhlas Al Ahli Takaful
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− | Company
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− | Malaysia Bank is Custodian of all customer
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− | KSA
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− | funds in the Savings Plan
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− | Processing customer
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− | applications Product design,
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− | Product administration, Product launch support
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− | valuation and Product management,
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− | Local Licensed Marketing & Training
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− | claims management, Life Takaful support
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− | Customer reporting Company Dynamic Funds Select
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− | Financial accounting and Allocation Mgt Model
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− | Systems support to
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− | Communication with local Strategic Product Partner
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− | regulatory authorities FWU Group and Bank Distribution
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− | Dubai/Munich Partner
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− | Product and Shari’ah
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− | Compliance
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− | 4
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− |
| |
− | Main product features and customer benefits
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− | FWU Group‘s "White Label" Islamic Savings, Education and Retirement Plans –
| |
− | Product Highlights
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− | Product features Customer Benefits
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− | Plan benefits are available to all bank
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− | All bank customers are insurable
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− | customers
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− | No medical examination of bank
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− | Eliminates important psychological
| |
− | customer required (up to a defined
| |
− | barrier
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− | limit)
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− | Transparent and cost efficient
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− | Greater customer comfort
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− | structure
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− | Accelerated sales process using
| |
− | Immediate risk cover for bank
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− | FWU’s Point of Sale and
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− | customer
| |
− | Administration technology
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− | Plan benefits are available
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− | Bank customer convenience
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− | immediately to all bank customers
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− | 5
| |
− |
| |
− | Flexible features of the “white label”
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− | Takaful investment linked plan
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− | Payments:
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− | – 3 currencies available (local currency, EUR, USD)
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− | – Regular or lump sum contributions
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− | – Decrease or increase of regular contributions any time
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− | – Payment deferral up to 12 month (Takaful benefits stay)
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− | – Partial investment or disinvestment at any time given a mimimum
| |
− | account size (2500 EUR) without affecting Takaful benefits
| |
− | Calendar:
| |
− | – Choice of Hijri or Gregorian calendar
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− | Beneficiaries:
| |
− | – Appointment of personal and institutional beneficiaries in
| |
− | accordance with Shari'ah law
| |
− | 6
| |
− |
| |
− | Main product innovation
| |
− | Sophisticated Internet based Point of sales and Administration system
| |
− | Dynamic Funds Select and Allocation Management Model used for
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− | customised investment strategies/portfolios
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− | Unique Retakaful arrangements with “AAA” rated top 3 global re-
| |
− | insurance company based on Shari’ah principles
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− | FWU group’s Shari'ah Board including prominent and leading Islamic
| |
− | scholars:
| |
− | – Dr. Mohamed Ali Elgari, Chairman
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− | – Dr. Abdulsattar Abu Guddah
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− | – Dr. Nazih Kamal Hammad
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− | 7
| |
− |
| |
− | Bank Annuity Income: Attractive Dynamics
| |
− | Bank Income Growth – 5 year period
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− | 7,000
| |
− | 6,000
| |
− | USD ('000)
| |
− | 5,000
| |
− | 4,000
| |
− | Conservative
| |
− | 3,000 Average
| |
− | 2,000 Best
| |
− | 1,000
| |
− | -
| |
− | Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
| |
− | Conservative Average Best
| |
− | Base Assumptions:
| |
− | Number of Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000 40,000 50,000
| |
− | Average duration 15 years
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− | Average monthly contribution $ 200
| |
− | Lapsation rate 2 to 10 % p.a
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− | Fund growth rate 7 % p.a
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− | 8
| |
− |
| |
− | Cumulative Bank Income over a 5 year period
| |
− | 20
| |
− | US $ in Millions
| |
− | 15
| |
− | 10
| |
− | 5
| |
− | 0
| |
− | Conservative Average Best 9
| |
− |
| |
− | Contents
| |
− | Family Takaful Product and Highlights, Main Partners
| |
− | (pages 2-8)
| |
− | Open Investment Architecture (pages 11-13)
| |
− | POS and Administration System (pages 15-19)
| |
− | Value added for the Bank Distribution Partner (pages
| |
− | 21-23)
| |
− | Appendix
| |
− | (1) Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | (2) FWU Group Profile
| |
− | 10
| |
− |
| |
− | Open Investment Architecture for Regular Savings Plans:
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− | Three investment portfolios with differentiated risk profiles
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− | FWU‘s Dynamic Fund Select and
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− | Asset Allocation Model
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− | Investment in External Islamic Mutual Funds
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− | Portfolio 1 Portfolio 2 Portfolio 3
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− | Conservative Balanced Growth
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− | Portfolio Portfolio Portfolio
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− | Launched as internal funds of
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− | FWU‘s local Takaful product partner
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− | 11
| |
− |
| |
− | Investment objective of FWU Group’s
| |
− | Dynamic Funds Select and Allocation Approach
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− | Superior risk-adjusted returns
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− | – Tactical fund allocation
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− | – Fund allocation designed to pick winners, eliminate losers and
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− | maintain neutral fund weightings
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− | Dynamic fund allocation model
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− | – Regular asset allocation (stocks vs. Sukuk and Murabaha) and
| |
− | fund picking by using a Dynamic Funds Select and Allocation
| |
− | Management Model
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− | Risk control on multiple levels
| |
− | – Asset allocation
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− | – Diversification
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− | – Portfolio construction
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− | Shari’ah compliance
| |
− | – Portfolio investment policies comply with Shari’ah rules
| |
− | 12
| |
− |
| |
− | Portfolio Back Testing Results
| |
− | Jan 2002 to June 2005
| |
− | Annualized Returns (Gross)
| |
− | Particulars Conservative Balanced Growth MSCI World
| |
− | Portfolio Portfolio Portfolio (USD) Index
| |
− | Returns 5.66% 9.85% 14.33% 3.93%
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− | Volatility 2.62% 5.49% 9.23% 14.18%
| |
− | Sharpe
| |
− | 1.02 1.25 1.23 0.07
| |
− | Ratio
| |
− | All data in US $ and gross of fees. Past performance is no guarantee for future results.
| |
− | The value of an investment may rise as well as fall.
| |
− | 13
| |
− |
| |
− | Contents
| |
− | Family Takaful Product and Highlights, Main Partners
| |
− | (pages 2-8)
| |
− | Open Investment Architecture (pages 11-13)
| |
− | POS and Administration System (pages 15-19)
| |
− | Value added for the Bank Distribution Partner (pages
| |
− | 21-23)
| |
− | Appendix
| |
− | (1) Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | (2) FWU Group Profile
| |
− | 14
| |
− |
| |
− | FWU’s Internet based Point of Sale &
| |
− | Administration System
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− | Tailored online system for use by Bank Distribution Partner
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− | – Processing applications for Takaful & Savings Programme
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− | – Professional sales management and monitoring
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− | – Storing and retrieving customer's Plan information
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− | Customised for the needs of bank distribution partners
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− | – Logo of Bank Distribution Partner
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− | – Tailored Investment strategies selected by the Bank
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− | – Attractive customer benefits, convenience and transparency
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− | 15
| |
− |
| |
− | Convenient, fast & easy
| |
− | Convenient to use on each PC with Internet access at any of the
| |
− | bank's branches
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− | (Sales process conducted and data input by Bank‘s Financial Planner not by the
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− | customer)
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− | Immediate, fast and easy application during one customer visit
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− | – No need for further documents (except customers ID card)
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− | – No need for medical examinations
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− | – No need to wait for the results of any manual verification by back
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− | office employees
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− | Including:
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− | the transfer of the first premium
| |
− | and printing the certificate 16
| |
− |
| |
− | Main competitive advantage
| |
− | Internet based application
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− | – No installation of new software required, ready-to-start solution
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− | – Available on any PC in the world with Internet access
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− | – Accessible 7 days a week, 24 hours a day
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− | Immediate online individual risk assessment (for Takaful benefits)
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− | Learner's mode available
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− | Feedback messages during application process
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− | FWU-Internet-Training academy available
| |
− | FWU Group provides local service and systems support
| |
− | – A GCC regional presence in the Dubai Internet City (DIC).
| |
− | 17
| |
− |
| |
− | Process Innovation
| |
− | Simplify and improve quality of sales process
| |
− | Online risk assessment for Takaful benefits
| |
− | Monitor any number of bank branches and financial planners
| |
− | with one tool from any web linked PC
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− | Economic and efficient solution
| |
− | Convenient access to customer data
| |
− | Faster and easier completion of a Customer Plan
| |
− | Earlier start of a Customer Plan
| |
− | Earlier payment and therefore earlier additional income
| |
− | streams for bank distribution and product partners
| |
− | involved
| |
− | 18
| |
− |
| |
− | Functions of the Main Partners
| |
− | FWU Group‘s "White Label" Islamic Savings, Education & Retirement Plans - Overview
| |
− | FWU Group (Systems provider and Strategic
| |
− | Bank Distribution Partner Product Partner) Local Life Takaful Operator
| |
− | Distribution • Product development and management Financial accounting
| |
− | Risk profiling of Product design & development Communication with local
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− | customer Product management regulatory authorities
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− | Organise marketing Product profitability simulation Shari‘ah Advisory Board
| |
− | literature Product training
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− | Market the product Internet based Point of Sale & Process applications/
| |
− | Collect customer underwriting system issue Takaful plan certificate
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− | application forms Product administration
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− | Collection of lump sum • Asset management
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− | and regular contributions Splitting of contributions
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− | Customer relationship Dynamic Funds Allocation Calculation of
| |
− | management Management Model fees/charges
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− | Funds Selection of 3rd Risk control Net asset valuation
| |
− | party external Islamic Reporting on investment portfolios
| |
− | mutual funds from major Claims management
| |
− | investment brands by Operational & systems
| |
− | Bank Distribution Partner • Compliance and monitoring
| |
− | support
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− | Shari’ah Advisory Board
| |
− | Note: Distribution Partner Customer reporting
| |
− | is the custodian bank for Product compliance
| |
− | Customer communications
| |
− | the Family Takaful linked Sales monitoring & controlling
| |
− | investment plans business
| |
− | Ongoing implementation and post
| |
− | FWU is the outsourcing partner
| |
− | launch support by local FWU team 19
| |
− |
| |
− | Contents
| |
− | Family Takaful Product and Highlights, Main Partners
| |
− | (pages 2-8)
| |
− | Open Investment Architecture (pages 11-13)
| |
− | POS and Administration System (pages 15-19)
| |
− | Value added for the Bank Distribution Partner (pages
| |
− | 21-23)
| |
− | Appendix
| |
− | (1) Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | (2) FWU Group Profile
| |
− | 20
| |
− |
| |
− | The value added for the distribution
| |
− | partner and its customers
| |
− | Value added for Bank Distribution partner
| |
− | Enhance retail product offering with own brand Islamic
| |
− | Savings, Education and Retirement Plans
| |
− | Low cost entry into a new consumer market segment
| |
− | Increase fee based annuity revenues
| |
− | Expand and retain customer relationships over a
| |
− | significantly longer period
| |
− | Rapid sales process through an online internet based
| |
− | Point of Sale and Administration system
| |
− | Maximise synergy between customer and different
| |
− | bank product groups
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− | 21
| |
− |
| |
− | The value added for the distribution
| |
− | partner and its customers
| |
− | Consumer Value Proposition
| |
− | Availability of Long-term Savings Plan with
| |
− | protection benefits
| |
− | Customer friendly product with transparent
| |
− | terms and conditions and charging structure
| |
− | Benefit of a Dynamic Funds Select and
| |
− | Allocation Mgt Model targeted at investing in
| |
− | quality external Shari’ah compliant funds
| |
− | 22
| |
− |
| |
− | The value added – why FWU Group
| |
− | ENTREPRENEURIAL INNOVATIVE
| |
− | EXPERIENCED PARTNER PRODUCT
| |
− | Flexibility in customised product State of the art Internet based
| |
− | design & administration sales and administration system
| |
− | Attractive investment options
| |
− | Takaful product training and sales
| |
− | including an innovative dynamic
| |
− | support (incl. FWU Online
| |
− | funds select and allocation
| |
− | Academy)
| |
− | management model
| |
− | Robust business simulation and
| |
− | Cost efficient Wakala structure
| |
− | profitability analysis model
| |
− | Unique Shari'ah compliant
| |
− | Regional presence in Dubai
| |
− | Retakaful arrangement
| |
− | 23
| |
− |
| |
− | Contents
| |
− | Family Takaful Product and Highlights, Main Partners
| |
− | (pages 2-8)
| |
− | Open Investment Architecture (pages 11-13)
| |
− | POS and Administration System (pages 15-19)
| |
− | Value added for the Bank Distribution Partner (pages
| |
− | 21-23)
| |
− | Appendicies
| |
− | I) FWU Group Profile
| |
− | II) Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | 24
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendicies
| |
− | I) FWU Group Profile (page 26 to 31)
| |
− | II) Global Takaful Industry Overview (page 32 to 37)
| |
− | 25
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix I: FWU-Group Structure
| |
− | FWU-GROUP
| |
− | an entrepreneurial and institutional partnership
| |
− | Dr. Manfred J. Dirrheimer and
| |
− | Partners
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− | 95% GE Insurance Solutions,
| |
− | 5%
| |
− | Munich
| |
− | FWU AG
| |
− | Munich, Luxembourg, Dubai
| |
− | 74,9% 80% 100% 100% 100% 100% 13,125%
| |
− | ATLANTICLUX Lebens- PREMIUM SELECT PREMIUM Invest FWU Provisions- FWU Payment FWU Unterstützungs- Al Ahli Takaful
| |
− | versicherung S.A. LUX S.A. LUX S.A. Factoring GmbH Services GmbH kasse GmbH Company, i.F.
| |
− | Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Munich Munich Munich Jeddah, KSA
| |
− | 25,1% 20% 13,125% 30% 7,5%
| |
− | VHV IFC International National Commercial VHV
| |
− | Institutional Versicherungen, Finance Cooperation Bank, Versicherungen,
| |
− | Partners Hanover Washington Jeddah, KSA Hanover
| |
− | 26
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix I: FWU-GROUP
| |
− | Assurance - Asset Management - Factoring
| |
− | Germany
| |
− | Luxembourg
| |
− | Austria The group is poised to
| |
− | Italy meet the life assurance,
| |
− | France investment and pension
| |
− | Saudi-Arabia needs of institutional and
| |
− | private clients in Europe,
| |
− | United Arab Emirates
| |
− | Middle East and Asia with
| |
− | Kuwait
| |
− | Pakistan traditional bancassurance
| |
− | and Shari‘ah Life Takaful
| |
− | South Africa products.
| |
− | 27
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix I: FWU-Group Takaful Universe
| |
− | Hannover Re
| |
− | („AAA rated“,
| |
− | 3rd largest
| |
− | life Reinsurance)
| |
− | FWU – GROUP
| |
− | Retakaful
| |
− | Administrator Pooling Wakeel
| |
− | -Data processing Arrangement - Fee Basis
| |
− | and administration - 100% profit redistribution
| |
− | (Retakaful, Takaful) - Quard Hasna
| |
− | - Asset Management - Shari‘ah compliant Investments
| |
− | Establishment of insurance provider through joint venture or cooperation agreement
| |
− | Dubai Islamic Eastern
| |
− | Insurance Al Ahli Takaful
| |
− | Company Insurance & Al Safat Takaful Federal
| |
− | Takaful
| |
− | Ikhlas
| |
− | Partners NCB/FWU / IFC Reinsurance Company Union Life
| |
− | SDN BHD
| |
− | AMAN EFU
| |
− | Acquisition of banks as distribution partner in the following regions
| |
− | KSA UAE Kuwait Pakistan Malaysia
| |
− | Distribution- The National Abu Dhabi
| |
− | Commercial Bank Commercial Major Bank Major Bank Major Bank
| |
− | Partners Jeddah Bank
| |
− | 28
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix I: FWU Group – Profile
| |
− | The FWU Group is an entrepreneurial financial services group with
| |
− | headquarters in Munich, Germany.
| |
− | Further offices are located in Luxembourg and Dubai Internet City (DIC).
| |
− | Group shareholders include GE Frankona Re AG, an international re-
| |
− | insurer, and European banks and insurance companies.
| |
− | Core activities are Life Insurance, Savings & Pension Plans, Takaful
| |
− | Products and Asset Management.
| |
− | Group subsidiaries include:
| |
− | – an Asset Management Company (PREMIUM SELECT LUX S.A.)
| |
− | – a Life Insurance Company (ATLANTICLUX S.A.)
| |
− | Both are based and regulated in Luxembourg.
| |
− | 29
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix I: FWU Group – Activities
| |
− | FWU offers customised design and white label distribution of:
| |
− | – Unit-linked investments,
| |
− | – Shari'ah compliant Life Takaful family of products with unique Retakaful
| |
− | arrangement,
| |
− | – Multi Manager investments and innovative fund allocation model,
| |
− | – Savings & pension plans.
| |
− | Main distribution channels are
| |
− | – Financial institutions (such as banks, insurance companies and corporate
| |
− | plan sponsors)
| |
− | – Independent financial advisers, portfolio managers and broker networks
| |
− | Priority markets are:
| |
− | – Europe (Germany, France and Italy)
| |
− | – Middle East (UAE, Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Pakistan)
| |
− | – Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia and China)
| |
− | 30
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix I FWU‘s Business Approach
| |
− | Product Distribution Individual
| |
− | Partners Partners Customers
| |
− | • Customised product
| |
− | development
| |
− | Life Insurance • Online insurance sales
| |
− | and administration Banks
| |
− | Companies
| |
− | • Dynamic Fund
| |
− | allocation model
| |
− | Investment- Financial
| |
− | managers Intermedaries
| |
− | Reinsurance Broker
| |
− | Companies Networks
| |
− | Administration of
| |
− | unit-linked Alternative
| |
− | Custodian investments distribution
| |
− | Banks Payment- transactions channels
| |
− | Sales Commision
| |
− | Factoring
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix II: Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | 2006 Total Takaful Premiums
| |
− | $1,7 billion = 60 Takaful companies in 30 countries worldwide
| |
− | Asia / Pacific Europe / USA
| |
− | 9% 1%
| |
− | Malaysia
| |
− | 27%
| |
− | GCC
| |
− | 63%
| |
− | Total estimated Takaful premiums of US$ 1.7 billion (growing at 15 to 20% p.a)
| |
− | Source: Salama Arabic Islamic Insurance Company
| |
− | 32
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix II: Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | 2015 Forecast
| |
− | 48%
| |
− | 52%
| |
− | Total Takaful premiums of US$ 7.4 billion
| |
− | Source: Salama Arabic Islamic Insurance Company
| |
− | 33
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix II: Global Takaful Industry Overview
| |
− | 2015 Forecast
| |
− | Total Takaful Premiums US $7,4 billion
| |
− | 31 %
| |
− | 27 %
| |
− | *** Europe
| |
− | $2.3bn *GCC $2bn
| |
− | **Asia Pacific $3.1 bn
| |
− | 42 %
| |
− | *GCC $2bn (KSA $900 million, UAE $480 million and Egypt 467 million)
| |
− | **Asia/ Pacific $3,1 bio (Malaysia/Indonesia $1.4 bio)
| |
− | ***Europe, Turkey, China, India & USA $2,3 bio
| |
− | Source: Salama Arabic Islamic Insurance Company
| |
− | 34
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix II: Consumer Banking Opportunity for Islamic Banks
| |
− | According to the 2005-06 World Islamic Banking Conference
| |
− | (WIBC) Competitiveness report authored by McKinsey and
| |
− | Company,
| |
− | “Consumer banking will be the main source of steady profits.
| |
− | Capturing the consumer banking opportunity and appealing to
| |
− | a broader consumer base is key for Islamic Banks. So far
| |
− | Islamic banks have managed to capture customers who have a
| |
− | strong preference for Sharia compliant products.
| |
− | Going forward, they will have to broaden their appeal to
| |
− | customers who are interested in Sharia compliant products but
| |
− | are not ready to sacrifice returns, service or convenience.
| |
− | To do so, Islamic banks need to improve their service levels,
| |
− | network convenience and staff knowledge while developing
| |
− | critical enablers (i.e. operations, risk management and people
| |
− | management)”.
| |
− | 35
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix II: Consumer Banking Opportunity for Islamic Banks
| |
− | The report findings include:
| |
− | “Successfully delivering against customers’ expectations
| |
− | requires a complete rethink of the bank’s approach
| |
− | Islamic banks will strongly need to improve their quality of
| |
− | service and distribution network
| |
− | Islamic product offering presents major gaps and customers
| |
− | want to see some of these gaps closed
| |
− | Customers would like to see an improvement in price/returns of
| |
− | banking products”
| |
− | 36
| |
− |
| |
− | Appendix II: Consumer Banking Opportunity for Islamic Banks
| |
− | According to the WIBC Competitiveness report “Islamic banks
| |
− | will need to make substantial efforts to meet expectations. To
| |
− | capture the growth thrust in Consumer banking, Islamic banks
| |
− | will have to:
| |
− | Focus the offering and develop wider product range
| |
− | Expand network and use branch channels
| |
− | Step up service quality and knowledge
| |
− | Ensure competitive pricing”
| |
− | 37
| |
− |
| |
− | Contact
| |
− | Mr. Sohail Jaffer
| |
− | Partner, FWU Group
| |
− | 2, Rue Sainte Zithe
| |
− | L-2763 Luxembourg
| |
− | Tel: +352 – 2 61 97 700
| |
− | Fax: +352 – 2 61 97 800
| |
− | Email: S.jaffer@fwugroup.com
| |
− | The information in this presentation does not constitute a sales offer, investment advice or an offer for the
| |
− | acquisition of financial products or instruments, and shall not in this regard imply legal obligations for the
| |
− | FWU Group or anybody else towards the readers of this presentation.
| |
− | This presentation is solely intended to provide information on matters of interest for the readers and such
| |
− | information is not meant to replace the knowledge and the judgment of the readers who should make all
| |
− | appropriate inquiries.
| |
− | 38
| |